Menu Fatigue in Space: Satiated Astronauts

This is Part 2 in the Menu Fatigue series. Catch up on Part 1 here or skip ahead to Part 3. Check out A Complete History of Space Food for more background on efforts to introduce menu variety on space missions.

Previously, we explored the general psychophysiology behind menu fatigue, or Sensory Specific Satiety (SSS). Based on previously conducted research, SSS is not just emotional boredom, but deeply rooted in unconscious physiology – to the extent that amnesiacs grew tired of repeated exposure to a food and rated the taste as increasingly unpleasant, even though they still felt hungry, had previously enjoyed the food, and had zero memory of eating it.

Space mission menu diversity is a challenge that NASA has grappled with over half a century. The challenge is twofold: 1) Keeping up with food technology that allows crew members to eat semi-normal foods in a space-and-resource limited environment, and 2) Providing sufficient variety to avoid boredom and inadvertent drop in consumption of essential nutrients. 


Menu Fatigue on Previous Missions: Underconsumption and Weight Loss

Okay, but… we’re talking about astronauts here. They’re not going to space for a Michelin 5 star experience. Could they just, you know, suck it up and eat stuff they’re bored with for a few months? It’s space, not Hell’s Kitchen.

Well, not really. Based on concerning body composition changes on previous missions, we can’t dismiss this problem as a question of astronauts’ willpower. It’s already proven to be a problem. In a study of meal replacement bars (MRBs) for isolated environments and possible future missions, Sirmons et. al.1 noted, 

It is often assumed that high-performing, highly-trained individuals such as astronauts will eat whatever is required, regardless of quality or appeal, to maintain nutritional status and successfully complete a mission. On the contrary, food familiarity and quality assume added psychological importance on extended-duration space missions, where it may mitigate stress associated with prolonged isolation and confinement. Limited variety or palatability can be a source of increased stress.

Sirmons, et. al.

Established Underconsumption

If the food isn’t palatable, it won’t be sufficiently consumed to avoid nutrient deficiencies. On previous missions, astronauts have been found to lose an average of approximately 2-5% of their pre-flight weight. Sometimes, weight loss is as high as 10%. This is on relatively short missions compared with a trip to Mars or beyond, and while such weight loss might level off, the health consequences could be dire. Astronauts have the training and knowledge to fully understand the importance of adequate oral intake. However, they tend to consume an average of 25-30% less than usual during a mission.2 

Along with psychophysiological reasons for SSS, studies have suggested that the microgravity environment on space missions leads to an increase in two hormones that increase satiety: Leptin and GLP-1.2 Additionally, the exercise required for maintenance of bone mass and overall conditioning increases astronauts’ energy expenditure, exacerbating the problem.

Commodity Theory

Astronauts aboard the ISS have affirmed the psychological benefits from deliveries of fresh fruits and vegetables several times each year. Could this mean that underconsumption might be just a simple case of “I want what I can’t have?” The previously discussed study examining physiology vs. psychology in SSS asked the question of whether “Commodity Theory” was responsible for menu fatigue. Wilkinson and Burnstrom define Commodity Theory as a description of “the relative increase in value of a commodity when it becomes unavailable.”3

In the study, participants were given a test meal (the eaten food). The groups were then told about an alternative food (the uneaten food); some were told they would have access to the uneaten food and some were advised that they would not. The authors hypothesized that satiety for the eaten food would decline more sharply when participants were told that they would not have access to a different food. Surprisingly, this wasn’t the case, leading them to the conclusion that SSS/menu fatigue was more innate physiological rather than the result of higher cognition or pure mental boredom.


Implications for Mars and Beyond

Missions aboard the ISS range from 4-6 months to nearly one year, the record holder being Mark Vande Hei with a stay of 355 consecutive days. Scott Kelly hold the previous record, clocking in at 340 days.4 Kelly and his twin brother Mark, who is also a NASA astronaut and now a United States senator, underwent a series of “twin tests” to determine how a lengthy space vacation affects overall health, genes, cognition, and body composition. While on the ISS, Kelly lost a total of 15 pounds.

Credit: NASA

A speculated journey to Mars will take a good 6 months in one-way travel. Add in an 18 month stay on the surface and another 6 month journey home, and we’re looking at a mission of at least 2.5 years. Now take away the established food systems and menu diversity on the ISS, and forget about the semi-annual fresh food deliveries. This could put crew members on a vicious downward cycle of increased needs and lack of resources for sufficient intake. 

The previously mentioned study of meal replacement bars (MRBs) was conducted to determine if standardized bars would be an appropriate solution for decreasing overall food system mass on upcoming lunar missions. The MRBs were approximately 750 kcals, meant to replace the energy and nutrients of one meal. In a 30-day closed chamber study, reliance on these bars for one meal/day led to an overall reduction of caloric intake, along with decrease in morale.6

If we’re going deeper into space, we need to figure menu fatigue out. Food systems are going to be essential to the success of these missions. 

Space tourism

We’re hoping to regularly send non-astronauts to space eventually, possibly even on extended missions. This won’t even be an option if we can’t figure out how to get enough food into not only highly-trained astronauts, but regular people on a lunar joyride. Though perhaps not of immediate concern, there’s going to be a lot of “I’d like to speak to the space-manager, please” if the food isn’t up to par. 

Coming up in Part 3, we’ll look at some possible solutions. 

Sources

1. Sirmons TA, Roma PG, Whitmire AM, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Young M, Douglas GL. Meal replacement in isolated and confined mission environments: Consumption, acceptability, and implications for physical and behavioral health. Physiol Behav. 2020 May 15;219:112829. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112829. Epub 2020 Feb 14. PMID: 32068108. / 2. Tang et. al. Long-term Space Nutrition: A Scoping Review. Nutrients. 2022, 14 (194). https://doi.org/103390/nu14010194 / 3. Wilkinson LL, Brunstrom JM. Sensory specific satiety: More than ‘just’ habituation? Appetite. 2016 Aug 1;103:221-228. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.019. Epub 2016 Apr 20. PMID: 27105584; PMCID: PMC4910838. / 4. Garcia M. NASA Station Astronaut Record Holders. NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-station-astronaut-record-holders / 5. Krieger L. How a Year in Space Changed Scott Kelly. The Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/04/11/how-a-year-in-space-changed-astronaut-scott-kelly/ / 6. Douglas G, Zwart S, and Smith S. Space Food for Thought: Challenges and Considerations for Food and Nutrition on Exploration Missions. The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 150, Issue 9, 2242-2244. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa188

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    You can blend a little clove oil with area temperature water as well as swish the blend around your mouth. You can additionally place a few drops on a cotton ball as well as apply it directly to the afflicted location. However there are a number of means to treat this problem and also minimize the threats of oral level of sensitivity. Stress-reduction treatments such as visualization and also meditation can help you to relax, unclench, and also stop grinding.
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    The nutrients that decay-causing bacteria need originated from the person’s diet. Large amounts of sugar in the diet additionally offer food for the germs. Fluoride therapies can help dental caries in the enamel recover, however, for much deeper dental caries, dentists need to pierce out the degeneration and also fill the resulting space. A dental expert might advise a person has a tooth extraction if the dental cavity has actually caused serious damage. A dental practitioner will be able to advise treatment for an individual with tooth decay, relying on its seriousness.
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    If you have delicate teeth to chilly, the symptoms are quite uncomplicated. Whenever you consume or consume something cool or even breathe in cold air, it can trigger a sharp jolting sensation via your teeth. Talk to your dental expert concerning an in-office fluoride therapy to assist decrease sensitivity as well as enhance your enamel. These generally take a few mins and consist of application of a high focus of fluoride service, gel, foam, or varnish onto your teeth with a cotton bud, brush, or rinse. First, get a soft-bristled brush if you do not already have one. Stop making use of bleaching tooth paste or any mouth washes that are alcohol-based.

    Your mouth creates much less saliva as you sleep, making your teeth prone to acid assaults. Many people do not recognize that preserving our oral health is an integral part of preserving our total wellness. Troubles such as gum disease as well as tooth decay can have a greater influence than many completely recognize. Continue reading for more information concerning just how dental cavity takes place and exactly how you can treat it.
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    A mouth rinse must be utilized after eating to make sure that food does not find its area in between the teeth. Washing and cleaning make sure that tooth cavities are stopped. Routine brows through to the dental professionals ensure timely checkups as well as treatment of harmed teeth.

    Guava is believed to have natural anti-inflammatory pain relieving homes that can aid with delicate teeth. Preparations consist of topical gels consisting of guava fallen leave essence, or eating the fallen leaves directly. Fluoride is a chemical compound that has been utilized for years to reinforce teeth.

    Do not hesitate to call us and also we will certainly more than happy to aid you. Getting temperature level examine people prior to treatment. Evaluating ALL patients for COVID-19 direct exposure before doing any treatment. That being stated, you can not anticipate a toothache to go away with home remedies completely. Yet the symptoms will only expand extreme unless a dental expert interferes at the right time.
    Wait till hot foods or drinks cool and make use of a straw for very cool drinks. If you have a tooth that harms when you chew or bite down on it, there are a variety of different reasons this can take place. We provide our patients all sorts of dental treatment options to make sure that they have every little thing they can request, all under one roofing. Tooth harming during chewing usually indicates a greater dental hygiene issue.

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